causes and effects of the second industrial revolution

Thus, the depletion of resources and environmental pollution aggressively started around the first revolution. With large amounts of steel it became possible to build much more powerful guns and carriages, tanks, armored fighting vehicles and naval ships. After the discovery of mauveine, many new aniline dyes appeared (some discovered by Perkin himself), and factories producing them were constructed across Europe. [51] Brunel's vision and engineering innovations made the building of large-scale, propeller-driven, all-metal steamships a practical reality, but the prevailing economic and industrial conditions meant that it would be several decades before transoceanic steamship travel emerged as a viable industry. In 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90 percent of the world supply of dyestuffs, and sold about 80 percent of their production abroad. She was surprised when they refused. Chapter 24 Lesson Review Flashcards | Quizlet The Second Agricultural Revolution, or the British Agricultural Revolution, happened just before the First Industrial Revolution. Cable tool drilling was developed in ancient China and was used for drilling brine wells. Mass production fostered the concept of capitalism which had been raised by Adam Smith . The electric street railway became a major infrastructure before 1920. At the same time, ideas and news spread via newspapers, the radio and telegraph. [52] The oscillating engine was first built by Aaron Manby and Joseph Maudslay in the 1820s as a type of direct-acting engine that was designed to achieve further reductions in engine size and weight. By 1900, the U.S. Census revealed that 25% of the American population was foreign-born. Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. In some cases, the advancement of such mechanization substituted for low-skilled workers altogether. The process of industrialization continues around the world, as do struggles against many of its negative effects, such as industrial pollution and urban crowding. Matthias.". Cheap wood based paper also allowed keeping personal diaries or writing letters and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job. Factory employees did not earn much, and the work was often dangerous. Railroads allowed cheap transportation of materials and products, which in turn led to cheap rails to build more roads. The modern bicycle was designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson in 1876, although it was John Kemp Starley who produced the first commercially successful safety bicycle a few years later. Child Laborers Stripping Tobacco In New York 1873. Trials with Smith's SS Archimedes, the first steam driven screw, led to the famous tug-of-war competition in 1845 between the screw-driven HMSRattler and the paddle steamer HMSAlecto; the former pulling the latter backward at 2.5 knots (4.6km/h). These scientific principles were applied to a variety of industrial concerns, including improving the efficiency of boilers and steam turbines. Transportation Effects: 1. By the middle of the 19th century there was a scientific understanding of chemistry and a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and by the last quarter of the century both of these sciences were near their present-day basic form. [33] During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was often used in the United States and Canada as well, in addition to myriad intra- and inter-company standards. It has been followed by the Third Industrial Revolution in which digital communications technology and the internet changed how we transmit information, do business and interact with each other. [5], Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine, petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio). Practically every aspect of everyday life had altered dramatically over the past century. The vulcanization of rubber, by American Charles Goodyear and Englishman Thomas Hancock in the 1840s paved the way for a growing rubber industry, especially the manufacture of rubber tyres[54]. Both revolutions were motivated by a desire to increase work . 02.01 Regions Chart and Written Response - Brainly.com Many worked 14 to 16 hours per day six days per week. Some argue we are now entering a Fourth Industrial Revolution, in which robotics, artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and biotechnology are changing our concepts of both life and consciousness. By the late 1940s, many of the assembly line factories of the First Industrial Revolution quickly evolved into fully automated factories. The origins of the Industrial Revolution Part of History The Industrial Revolution Key points The Industrial Revolution, which took place between 1750 - 1900, was a period of great change in. [3], The concept was introduced by Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution (1910), and was being used by economists such as Erich Zimmermann (1951),[4] but David Landes' use of the term in a 1966 essay and in The Unbound Prometheus (1972) standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by Alfred Chandler (19182007). His first model was connected to a dynamo that generated 7.5kW (10hp) of electricity. Get instant feedback, extra help and step-by-step explanations. Technology has changed the world in many ways, but perhaps no period introduced more changes than the Second Industrial Revolution. Was the Industrial Revolution over . Toronto: The Garden City Press Co-Operative, 1947. [9] This stove used firebrick as a storage medium, solving the expansion and cracking problem. In 1800, Matthias Koops, working in London, investigated the idea of using wood to make paper, and began his printing business a year later. Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced after 1914, and gasoline shortages appeared during World War I. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution. [42] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. 18 terms. The wide-ranging social impact of both revolutions included the remaking of the working class as new technologies appeared. Advancements in factory workflow, such as mass production, electrification, and automation contributed to economic growth. Machines More Efficient 3. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside. Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[32]. Other processes were developed for purifying various elements such as chromium, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium and nickel which could be used for making alloys with special properties, especially with steel. Later in the Second Industrial Revolution, Frederick Winslow Taylor and others in America developed the concept of scientific management or Taylorism. By the early 18th century, people there had used up most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking and heating. In 1881, Sir Joseph Swan, inventor of the first feasible incandescent light bulb, supplied about 1,200 Swan incandescent lamps to the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity. Germany invested more heavily than the British in research, especially in chemistry, motors and electricity. The second industrial revolution made western Europe separated from northern Europe. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the All Red Line. Edward Alfred Cowper developed the Cowper stove in 1857. Railroads also benefited from cheap coal for their steam locomotives. The petroleum industry, both production and refining, began in 1848 with the first oil works in Scotland. Early U.S. railroads had used wrought iron rails imported from Britain. German inventor Karl Benz patented the world's first automobile in 1886. Electricity 4. [40] In 1850 Young built the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world at Bathgate, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856. [23][24] Swan's lightbulb had already been used in 1879 to light Mosley Street, in Newcastle upon Tyne, the first electrical street lighting installation in the world. In 1865, the open-hearth process enabled the production of steel cable, rods, plates, gears, and axels used to build the higher-pressure steam boilers needed for more powerful factory engines. Much of the explosion of economic production in America during the Second Industrial Revolution has been attributed to the expansion of the railroads. The boat moved faster with the broken propeller. It was a tremendous transformation of peoples lives, says Joshua B. Freeman professor of history at Queens College and author of Behemoth: The Making of the Factory and the Modern World. Up to that time, propellers were literally screws, of considerable length. [29] Ford and others at the company struggled with ways to scale up production in keeping with Henry Ford's vision of a car designed and manufactured on a scale so as to be affordable by the average worker. Between the Civil War and WWI, over 25 million people from Europe, as well as Russia and Asia, immigrated to the United States drawn by the prospect of well-paid factory jobs. Old engraved illustration of Manufacture of Steel by Bessemer's Process. It was the first automobile entirely designed as such to generate its own power, not simply a motorized-stage coach or horse carriage. The Bessemer process, invented by Sir Henry Bessemer, allowed the mass-production of steel, increasing the scale and speed of production of this vital material, and decreasing the labor requirements. [91], By 1890 there was an international telegraph network allowing orders to be placed by merchants in England or the US to suppliers in India and China for goods to be transported in efficient new steamships. The Second Industrial Revolution ended just before World War I, historians say. This historic boost in factory output, coupled with the invention of technological marvels such as the telegraph, the telephone, the automobile, and the radio would forever change how Americans lived and worked. [82], As mentioned above, one of the most important scientific advancements in all of history was the unification of light, electricity and magnetism through Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. While some historians quibble over the exact boundary between the First Industrial Revolution, that began inthe mid-18th century, and the second, that started aroundthe mid-19th century, a primary difference is that the second saw the beginning of mass production in manufacturing and consumer goods. Improved versions were used to stabilize automatic tracking mechanisms of telescopes and to control speed of ship propellers and rudders. The Causes And Effects Of The Second Industrial Revolution [67][68] Control theory is the basis for process control, which is widely used in automation, particularly for process industries, and for controlling ships and airplanes. Then innovations in production line technology, materials science and industrial toolmaking made it easier to mass produce all kinds of goods that remade the American family and physical landscape. [29][34] The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of the Model T to decline from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1916. Excitement and debate over the dangers and benefits of the Atomic Age were more intense and lasting than those over the Space age but both were predicted to lead to another industrial revolution. HMSEncounter (1846) and HMSArrogant (1848) were the first ships to be fitted with such engines and such was their efficacy that by the time of Penn's death in 1878, the engines had been fitted in 230 ships and were the first mass-produced, high-pressure and high-revolution marine engines.[53]. [77] By the time of Parson's death, his turbine had been adopted for all major world power stations. The story of the Industrial Revolution begins on the small island of Great Britain. Called the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century by the National Academy of Engineering, electric lighting greatly improved working conditions and productivity in factories. This meant that products were cheaper to make and also cheaper to buy. The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007.

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